Short, ordered procedure with the theory and how each repair corrects the fault. No filler.

Preparations
1) Set tractor on level ground, wheels straight ahead, engine stopped, parking brake on, chock wheels.
Theory: alignment measurements must be taken with a predictable chassis attitude. Unequal tyre pressures or a slope give false readings.
Repair effect: eliminates measurement bias so corrections actually change geometry rather than compensate for loading.

Step 1 — Check tyre pressures and tyres
2) Inflate all tyres to the manufacturer’s recommended pressures and verify tyre condition (same tread, no flat spots).
Theory: tyre pressure and tyre construction determine effective rolling diameter and contact patch. Unequal diameters or damaged tyres make the tractor steer or pull regardless of chassis geometry.
Repair effect: equal tyre radii ensure that measured pulls are due to suspension/steering geometry, not rolling-diameter differences.

Step 2 — Establish tractor centreline and baseline
3) Mark a longitudinal centreline on the tractor (use a tape measure from a fixed reference like rear axle centre to front axle centre, or run a taut string along chassis). Measure equal offsets from chassis centre to wheel rim faces to verify centreline.
Theory: all alignment measurements are relative to the vehicle centreline or the rear-wheel thrust line. You need a repeatable reference to quantify toe/thrust.
Repair effect: gives a reference to correct front wheels to follow the rear thrust; without it you cannot know whether the front is aligned.

Step 3 — Check rear wheel thrust/track
4) Measure rear-wheel thrust angle: measure the distance between the rear rim faces at the front of the rim and at the rear of the rim (or measure the lateral offset of each rear wheel relative to chassis centreline). If the rear wheels are adjustable on the splines, ensure they are equally indexed.
Theory: the rear-axle wheelset determines the path the tractor will try to follow. If the rear wheels do not sit square to the centreline (thrust angle), the whole tractor tracks to one side; the front should be aligned to that thrust or the vehicle will steer.
Repair action: correct by re-locating rear wheels on the splines/tracking shims or by correcting bent rear hub/axle. Moving the wheels on splines changes the angular position of the wheel relative to the axle, eliminating the thrust angle. Replacing bent parts restores the axle centreline.
How it fixes the fault: when rear thrust is corrected, the tractor’s natural rolling direction becomes straight; front toe adjustments then make the steering follow that straight line instead of fighting a misaligned rear.

Step 4 — Check hubs, bearings, kingpins and steering box freeplay
5) With the front wheel(s) off the ground, check lateral play in the hub (wheel bearings) and vertical/lateral play in the steering pivot (kingpin/bushings). Check steering box for excessive lash (worm/sector play).
Theory: alignment geometry assumes fixed pivot points. Excessive play moves the instantaneous centre of rotation and changes toe/caster under load; worn bearings/kingpins produce wandering and uneven tyre wear even if toe measures correctly statically.
Repair action: tighten/adjust wheel bearings to spec or replace worn bearings; replace worn kingpin bushings or kingpins; overhaul steering box or adjust worm/sector mesh.
How it fixes the fault: replacing bushings/bearings restores the designed pivot centres and backlash limits, so geometry corrections are effective and stable under load rather than varying with each bump or steering input.

Step 5 — Measure and set front toe
6) Measure front toe: measure the distance between the front edges of the front tyres and then between the rear edges (or use a string/straightedge aligned with the rear wheels). Calculate toe = front distance − rear distance (total toe). Typical tractors use a small amount of toe-in (a few millimetres total); set to the manufacturer recommendation or a small positive toe.
Theory: toe-in causes the wheels to push slightly towards each other, which creates a self-centering force and offsets small steering geometry imperfections. Too much toe causes scrub and tyre wear; toe-out causes instability and wandering.
Repair action: adjust the tie-rod length (on TE‑20 a simple turnbuckle or threaded adjuster on the draglink/tie rod) until the measured toe equals the target.
How it fixes the fault: changing tie-rod length rotates both steering knuckles to bring the wheel faces parallel or slightly toe‑in, ensuring the front follows the rear thrust and eliminating a consistent pull or excessive scrub.

Step 6 — Verify caster/camber (inspect for wear/bent parts)
7) Inspect camber and caster visually and with measurements if suspect. On a rigid-beam farm tractor these are largely set by axle and kingpin geometry; large camber/caster errors usually indicate bent axle/knuckle or worn bushings.
Theory: camber tilts the wheel in/out and affects contact patch; caster gives self-centering and high-speed stability. On TE-20 these are mostly fixed; wear alters them.
Repair action: replace worn kingpin components or repair/straighten bent axle or steering arm.
How it fixes the fault: restoring original camber/caster returns proper contact patch and steering effort characteristics; tyre wear and wandering caused by uneven camber or shifted caster are corrected.

Step 7 — Check tie-rod/steering-arm alignment and steering geometry
8) Verify the steering arms are not bent and the tie-rod connects at equal lengths each side. Ensure the steering arm endpoints are indexed equally so arms are symmetric.
Theory: asymmetry in steering arm lengths or bent arms causes unequal wheel angles for a given tie‑rod position (incorrect Ackermann behavior), generating pull or uneven turn behaviour.
Repair action: replace/straighten bent arms; set tie-rod equal lengths each side.
How it fixes the fault: symmetric arms ensure both wheels respond identically to steering input and toe is maintained through the suspension travel.

Step 8 — Recheck everything under static load and on the road
9) Lower the tractor to wheels-on-ground, re-measure toe and thrust with the weight on wheels. Road test at a low speed in a safe area, then re-measure after a short run.
Theory: some component seating and elastic deflections only appear under load and dynamic conditions; measurements off load can miss these.
Repair effect: confirms alignment is stable under working conditions; if it drifts you need to revisit worn components or bent structure.

Diagnostic symptoms and how specific repairs remove them (quick guide)
- Tractor pulls to one side: causes = rear thrust angle, unequal tyre pressure, front toe wrong, bent axle, worn kingpins. Fixes = correct rear thrust (move or shim rear wheels), equalise tyre pressure, set front toe, replace bent/worn components. Explanation: removing thrust or toe mismatch removes constant lateral force.
- Excessive tyre wear on inside/outside shoulder: causes = incorrect toe or camber, excessive scrub from toe. Fixes = set toe correctly, repair camber (kingpin bushings/axle). Explanation: correct wheel orientation reduces edge scrub and equalises contact patch.
- Steering wander/looseness: causes = worn kingpin/bushings, worn steering box, worn tie-rod ends. Fixes = replace bushings/kingpin, overhaul steering box, replace tie-rod ends. Explanation: restores fixed pivot points and reduces freeplay so the wheels track predictably.
- Return instability at speed: causes = insufficient caster (or changed caster due to wear), incorrect toe. Fixes = repair kingpins/axle to restore original caster geometry; set toe-in properly. Explanation: caster provides self-centering; toe stabilises tracking.

Tools and checks to use
- Tape measure, straightedge or string line, feeler gauges, wheel chocks.
- Dial indicator (for measuring kingpin runout or hub axial play).
- Basic hand tools to adjust tie-rod and to remove/replace bushings, bearings.

Final notes (theory summary)
- Rear wheel thrust defines which direction the tractor wants to roll; front alignment must match that thrust or the steering will be fighting the rear.
- Alignment depends on fixed geometry (axle, steering knuckles, kingpin centres) and adjustable elements (tie-rod length, wheel indexing on splines, bearing preload). Repairs restore the fixed geometry (replace/repair worn or bent parts) and then the adjustable elements set the wheels to that geometry.
- Always remove play (bearings, bushings, steering box) before setting toe; otherwise settings won’t hold under load.

That is the ordered procedure and the mechanical theory explaining how each repair corrects the specific faults.
rteeqp73

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