1) Purpose & basic theory (one-sentence): rocker arms transfer cam lobe motion (via pushrods) into valve opening; the clearance (valve lash) exists to allow for thermal expansion and to ensure valves fully seat at all temps. Incorrect lash or worn rockers/pushrods/cam causes noise, loss of compression, burned valves or rapid wear.

2) Symptoms pointing at rocker/valve-train issues:
- Ticking/knocking from valve cover area (excess lash)
- Hard starting, loss of power, black smoke, rough idle (exhaust or intake valves not sealing)
- Low compression on one or more cylinders
- Metal particles in oil or visible wear on rocker/pushrod

3) Tools & prep (high level): feeler gauges, wrench/socket set, screwdriver, torque wrench, clean rags, service manual for clearances/torques, engine warmed to specified condition (typically cold for mechanical lash or as manual states), safety gloves, drain pan if removing oil.

4) Remove covers & expose valve gear (ordered):
- Disconnect battery negative.
- Remove air/intake components concealing valve cover.
- Remove valve cover bolts and cover; clean surrounding dirt first to avoid contamination.
Theory: you must access rocker assembly and keep oil passages and surfaces clean to avoid introducing debris into the valve train.

5) Determine adjustment method & engine position:
- Identify whether the B-series in your unit uses adjustable rocker screws with locknuts (typical on older Toyota B diesels).
- Rotate engine to a position where the cam lobe for the valve being adjusted is on its base circle (both valves of that cylinder are closed). Use crank pulley timing marks or find TDC compression for cylinder 1 and then follow firing order/rotation to get each cylinder to base circle in turn.
Theory: adjusting when the cam lobe is on the base circle ensures the valve is fully closed and pushrod length is at its minimum — only then does the measured clearance represent true lash.

6) Adjust lash — ordered procedure for each valve:
a) Loosen rocker adjusting-locknut a few turns.
b) Insert correct feeler gauge between rocker pad and valve stem tip.
c) Turn adjusting screw until a light drag on the gauge is felt (per service-manual specification).
d) Hold screw in place with screwdriver/hex, tighten locknut while maintaining screw position; recheck clearance and re-adjust as needed.
e) Repeat for all valves in sequence, advancing the crank so each cylinder’s cam is on the base circle when you adjust.
Theory: the screw sets the end play between rocker and valve stem so the valve fully seats when closed and opens the correct amount when actuated. Locknut secures the set position against loosening.

7) Re-check procedure:
- Rotate engine at least two full revolutions by hand and re-check all clearances; re-torque locknuts if necessary.
- Reinstall valve cover with new gasket or clean sealing surface, torque bolts to spec.
Theory: rotation confirms nothing shifted under dynamic conditions and ensures clearances remain within spec as the cam passes through lobes.

8) Inspection for wear and replacement (if fault is wear, ordered):
- If rocker arm bores, shafts, journals, pushrods or cam lobes show scoring, flattening, pitting or excessive end play, remove rocker shaft assembly.
- Inspect pushrods for straightness and wear at ends; measure rocker shaft bore and rocker face for runout/wear against limits in manual.
- Replace worn rockers, pushrods, shaft or cam as necessary; fit new parts, clean oil passages, apply assembly lube where needed, reassemble and set lash as above.
Theory: wear changes geometry and reduces effective lift or increases lash beyond adjustment range. Replacing restores correct contact geometry and valve lift, allowing valves to seal and open to the intended amount.

9) How the repair fixes the fault (concise):
- Adjusting lash restores the required clearance so valves fully seat (restores compression), open the correct amount (restores breathing/combustion efficiency) and stops valve noise.
- Replacing worn rockers/pushrods/shaft restores correct geometry; worn parts cannot be compensated for by adjustment and cause incorrect valve timing, premature seating wear, oil aeration and loss of compression.
- Rechecking after rotation ensures the system holds under dynamic loading so the fault does not reappear.

10) Final checks:
- Start engine, listen for abnormal valve noise, check idle/smoothness, check for oil leaks at valve cover, road-test and re-check after short run.
- If symptoms persist (low compression, misfire), perform compression/leak-down test and inspect valves/seats and cam lobes.

Notes (critical): use the exact valve clearance and torque values from the Toyota service manual for your specific engine model (3B/ B /11B /13B) — incorrect clearances or locknut torque cause repeat problems.
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